More than any other monument, the Pyramids of Giza symbolise the mystic appeal that Egypt has exerted over travellers for so many millennia. The instantly recognised tableau of the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Chephr, and the smaller, flanking Pyramid of Mycerinus dominates the Giza skyline, sitting on the fringes of the ever-expanding city, facing urban streets to the north and east, and staring south and west over the endless desert sands. Sentinel to the pyramids, the Sphinx sits in enigmatic splendour, nursing a beard trimmed by Mamluke and Napoleonic target practice. Beyond Giza lie the pyramid fields of Saqqara and Dashur where the development of pyramid building can be traced through early attempts at their construction, and the ancient city of Memphis, the first capital of a unified Egypt.